Jurnal

Using Integrated EOF Analysis for Evaluation of WRF Simulations in Urban Environments

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ABSTRACT: Evaluation methods for regional climate models (RCMs) commonly rely on point comparisons with observed meteorological fields, which provide limited understanding of the spatial and temporal representations of important factors affecting urban areas in models. These factors are not only complex but also difficult to differentiate, which complicates their analysis. This study thus develops an innovative approach using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to compare urban heat island and precipitation patterns in RCM simulations with those from observations, taking advantage of the capacity of the method for data disaggregation. The method was tested on summer daily maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) and precipitation P in the Chicago Metro Area (CMA). Using observed data, the EOF analysis on temperature consistently produced coherent patterns that reflect known impacts of urban environments on climate and weather. EOF evaluation of corresponding 4-km WRF simulations against observations confirmed a strong warm bias (;38C) for simulated Tmin in the urban area, as observed in point comparisons against stations; further analysis, however, suggested that the shape and time behavior of the urban pattern were well represented. The EOF analysis on Tmax, which showed no problems in the point comparison, revealed important differences in shape (urban area of influence on temperatures) and time [principal component (PC) correlation of 20.5] for the urban pattern between datasets, suggesting the need for model improvements. Results showed no systematic urban effects on summer P for the CMA for observations or simulations, but the analysis of winter patterns suggested a possible urban enhancement on P over the city.

KEYWORDS: Climatology; Empirical orthogonal functions; Climate models; Model evaluation/performance; Regional models; Urban meteorology

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Ketersediaan

JUR00504.1

551.501 1 HUI u

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Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

551.501 1 HUI u

Penerbit

Boston, USA : American Meteorological Society., 2026

Deskripsi Fisik

Page(s): 379-396; Illus

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

1558-8432

Klasifikasi

551.501 1

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

unspecified

Tipe Pembawa

volume

Edisi

Volume 65 (2026): Issue 3 (Mar 2026)

Subjek

Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)
Urban meteorology – Mathematical models
Empirical orthogonal functions
Meteorology – Computer simulation – Evaluation

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